iphepha_ibhena

Izixhobo eziNgxamisekileyo zoMda 18490X-X

Iimbono ezi-2

Inkcazelo emfutshane:

18490X-X Linear LED Umqhubi weNgxamiseko, 4.5W, 9W, 13.5W, 18W, 10W.Ubungakanani obuncinci bee-backups ezikhokelwayo ezikhokelayo zinokuxhonywa ngaphakathi naluphi na uhlobo lwe-ultra-slim linear linear lighting lighting fixtures okanye indawo encinci kunye nencinci.Ngokugqibeleleyo iyahambelana zombini DC imithwalo LED kunye AC LED luminaires.Ukufakwa ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kwezinto zokukhanyisa, umzekelo, ukukhanya kwe-LED, ukukhanya kwepaneli ye-LED, ukukhanya kwe-LED, ukukhanya kwe-LED, i-LED Highbay kunye njl.

  • 01
  • 04
  • 03

Iimbonakalo

Iimpawu

Iimodeli zokuKhetha

Imilinganiselo yeModeli

Imizobo yocingo

Ukusebenza/Uvavanyo/uLondolozo

Imiyalelo yoKhuseleko

Iithegi zeMveliso

vcxz1

18490X-1

vcx2

18490X-2

vcx3

18490X-3

vcxz4

18490X-4

1. Ukusebenza okungxamisekileyo komthombo wokukhanya kwe-LED kunye nezibane, kuzo zombini i-factory kunye nokufakwa kwentsimi.
2. Ngokugqibeleleyo iyahambelana zombini DC imithwalo LED kunye AC LED iityhubhu okanye ibhalbhu.
3. Imveliso yamandla engxamisekileyo rhoqo, uluhlu olubanzi lwamandla ombane ophuma kwi-5 ukuya kwi-300VDC, i-output current auto adjustable.
4. Iinketho ezahlukeneyo zamandla kaxakeka:

18490X

Eunxunguphalo pow

184900

4.5W

184901

9W

184904

10W

184902

13.5W

184903

18W

5.Iinketho zonxibelelwano ezahlukeneyo:

18490X-X

Inkcazo

18490X-1

Ibhloko yetheminali

18490X-2

Iingcingo zangaphandle ezinemibhobho yentsimbi,

elula ngakumbiiingcingoye-AC luminaire

18490X-3

Iingcingo zangaphandle ezinemibhobho yentsimbi, yomthwalo we-DC LED kunye ne-AC luminaire

18490X-4

IP66Into evikela amanzi, ye-AC luminaire

6. Umsebenzi wokuvavanya ngokuzenzekelayo unciphisa iindleko zokulondoloza
7. Indlu ye-aluminiyam encinci kakhulu, eyakhelwe ngaphakathi Ibhetri
8. Ye-18490X-1/2/3: Ifanelekile kwizicelo zangaphakathi, ezomileyo nezifumileyo.
9. Kwi-18490X-4: ukukala kwe-IP66.Ifanelekile kwizicelo zangaphandle kunye nezimanzi


  • Ngaphambili:
  • Okulandelayo:

  • Uhlobo 184900-X 184901-X 184902-X 184903-X 184904-X
    Umbane olinganisiweyo 120-277VAC 50/60Hz
    Ikalwe ngoku 0.03A 0.04A 0.06A 0.08A 0.04A
    Amandla alinganisiweyo 2.7W 3.5W 4.5W 6W 3.5W
    Amandla emveliso kaxakeka 4.5W 9W 13.5W 18W 10W
    Imveliso yombane 5-200VDC 10-300VDC 15-300VDC 20-300VDC 10-300VDC
    Imveliso yangoku yomqhubi we-AC 3A (ubuninzi.)
    Ukusebenza rhoqo 320kHz≥f≥50kHz
    Amandlafumdlali weqonga 0.5
    Ibhetri I-Li-ion
    Ixesha lokutshaja Iiyure ezingama-24
    Ixesha lokukhupha >90 imizuzu
    Ubomi bonke 5 Yiindlebe
    Ukutshaja yangoku 0.17A
    Imijikelo yokutshaja >1000
    Ubushushu bokusebenza 0-50℃ (32°F-122°F)
    Ukusebenza kakuhle 80%
    Ukhuseleko olungaqhelekanga Umthwalo ongaphezu komthwalo, ngaphezu kweqondo lokushisa, isiphaluka esivulekileyo, ukukhuselwa kwesiphaluka esifutshane kunye nokusetha kwakhona ngokuzenzekelayo
    Ucingo 0.75-1.5mm2
    EMC&FCC IC umgangatho EN 55015, EN 61547, EN 61000-3-2, EN 61000-3-3;iFCC inxalenye ye-15;ICES-005
    Umgangatho wokhuseleko EN 61347-1, EN 61347-2-7, UL924, CSA C.22.2 No. 141
    Meas.18490X-1 mm [intshi] 184900-1:L200 [7.87] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] Ukunyuswacngenisa: 190 [7.48] 

    184901/4-1: L260 [10.24]x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] Ukunyukacngenisa: 250 [9.84] 

    184902-1: L345 [13.58] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] Ukunyukacngenisa: 335 [13.19] 

    184903-1:L410 [16.14] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] Ukunyukacngenisa: 400 [15.75]

    Meas.18490X-2/3mm [intshi] 184900-2/3:L258 [10.16] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] Ukunyuswacngenisa: 209 [8.23] 

    184901/4-2/3: L318 [12.52] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] Ukunyuswacngenisa: 269 [10.59] 

    184902-2/3: L403 [15.87] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] Ukunyukacngenisa: 354 [13.94] 

    184903-2/3: L468 [18.43] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] Ukunyukacngenisa: 419 [16.50]

    Meas.18490X-4mm [intshi] 184900-4:L530±4 [20.87±0.16] x W56 [2.20]x H44 [1.73]Ukunyukacngenisa:460[18:11] 

    184901/4-4: L590±4 [23.23±0.16] x W56 [2.20]x H44 [1.73]Ukunyukacngenisa:520[20.47]  

    184902-4: L675±4 [26.57±0.16] x W56 [2.20]x H44 [1.73]Ukunyukacngenisa:605[23.82] 

    184903-4:L740±4 [29.13±0.16] x W56 [2.20]x H44 [1.73]Ukunyukacngenisa:670[26:38]

    Uhlobo lwePhenix No. Umlinganiselo LxWxH mm [intshi] Ukupakishwa kweyunithi yomntu ngamnye kubunzima bekg [lb] Ubushushu bokusebenza Igalelo lombane Imveliso yombane Uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo Umsebenzi womqhubi we-AC Umqhubi we-AC / amandla okuvelisa i-ballast Amandla kaxakeka Lumens @120LM/W Ukwamkelwa
    04 01 02 03
    UMQHUBI WE-LED EXAMISEKILEYO 18490X-X
    184900-1 L200 [7.87] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.20 [0.44] 0-50℃ AC 120-277V DC 5-200V   Max.600W @3A 4.5W 540  
    184900-2 L258 [10.16] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.80 [1.76]
    184900-3 L258 [10.16] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.80 [1.76]
    184900-4 L530±4 [20.87±0.16] x W56 [2.20] x H44 [1.73] 0.75 [1.65]
    184901-1 L260 [10.24] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.30 [0.66] 0-50℃ AC 120-277V DC 10-300V   Max.900W @3A 9W 1080  
    184901-2 L318 [12.52] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.80 [1.76]
    184901-3 L318 [12.52] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.80 [1.76]
    184901-4 L590±4 [23.23±0.16] x W56 [2.20] x H44 [1.73] 0.87 [1.92]
    184904-1 L260 [10.24] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.30 [0.66] 0-50℃ AC 120-277V DC 10-300V   Max.900W @3A 10W 1200  
    184904-2 L318 [12.52] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.80 [1.76]
    184904-3 L318 [12.52] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.80 [1.76]
    184904-4 L590±4 [23.23±0.16] x W56 [2.20] x H44 [1.73] 0.87 [1.92]
    184902-1 L345 [13.58] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.40 [0.88] 0-50℃ AC 120-277V DC 15-300V   Max.900W @3A 13.5W 1620  
    184902-2 L403 [15.87] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.90 [1.98]
    184902-3 L403 [15.87] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.90 [1.98]
    184902-4 L675±4 [26.57±0.16] x W56 [2.20] x H44 [1.73] 1.02 [2.25]
    184903-1 L410 [16.14] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 0.40 [0.88] 0-50℃ AC 120-277V DC 20-300V   Max.900W @3A 18W 2160  
    184903-2 L468 [18.43] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 1.05 [2.31]
    184903-3 L468 [18.43] x W30 [1.18] x H22 [0.87] 1.05 [2.31]
    184903-4 L740±4 [29.13±0.16] x W56 [2.20] x H44 [1.73] 1.14 [2.51]
    I-18490X-1: Ibhloko ye-terminal;I-18490X-2: Iindlela zetsimbi ezipheliswe kabini, ukwenzela i-wiring elula ye-AC luminaire;I-18490X-3: Iintambo zetsimbi ezipheliswe kabini, kumthwalo we-DC LED kunye ne-AC luminaire;18490X-4: IP66 Ingangeni manzi, ye-AC luminaire

    18490X-1

    vsvs

    Inqaku lenqaku.

    L1

    mm [intshi]

    M

    mm [intshi]

    W

    mm [intshi]

    H

    mm [intshi]

    184900-1

    200[7.87]

    190[7:48]

    30 [1.18]

    22 [0.87]

    184901/4-1

    260[10.24]

    250[9.84]

    30 [1.18]

    22 [0.87]

    184902-1

    345[13,58]

    335[13.19]

    30 [1.18]

    22 [0.87]

    184903-1

    410[16:14]

    400[15.7]

    30 [1.18]

    22 [0.87]

    Iyunithi yomlinganiselo: mm [intshi]
    Ukunyamezela: ±1 [0.04]]

    18490X-2

    vxzas

    Inqaku lenqaku.

    L

    mm [intshi]

    M

    mm [intshi]

    W

    mm [intshi]

    H

    mm [intshi]

    184900-2

    258 [10.16]

    209 [8.23]

    30 [1.18]

    22 [0.87]

    184901/4-2

    318 [12,52]

    269 ​​[10.59]

    30 [1.18]

    22 [0.87]

    184902-2

    403 [15.87]

    354 [13.94]

    30 [1.18]

    22 [0.87]

    184903-2

    468 [18,43]

    419 [16.50]

    30 [1.18]

    22 [0.87]

    Iyunithi yomlinganiselo: mm[intshi]

    Tukunyamezela: ±1 [0.04]

    18490X-3

    qwe1

    Inqaku lenqaku.

    L

    mm [intshi]

    M

    mm [intshi]

    W

    mm [intshi]

    H

    mm [intshi]

    184900-3

    258 [10.16]

    209 [8.23]

    30 [1.18]

    22 [0.87]

    184901/4-3

    318 [12,52]

    269 ​​[10.59]

    30 [1.18]

    22 [0.87]

    184902-3

    403 [15.87]

    354 [13.94]

    30 [1.18]

    22 [0.87]

    184903-3

    468 [18,43]

    419 [16.50]

    30 [1.18]

    22 [0.87]

    Iyunithi yomlinganiselo: mm [intshi]
    Ukunyamezela: ±1 [0.04]

    18490X-4

    Ukunyuselwa komphezulu

    vsvqw

    Inqaku lenqaku.

    L1

    mm [intshi]

    L2

    mm [intshi]

    M1

    mm [intshi]

    M2

    mm [intshi]

    M3

    mm [intshi]

    W

    mm [intshi]

    H

    mm [intshi]

    184900-4

    530±4

    [20.87±0.16]

    471 [18.54]

    460 [18.11]

    297 [11.69]

    45 [1.77]

    56 [2.21]

    44 [1.72]

    184901/4-4

    590±4

    [23.23±0.16]

    531 [20.91]

    520[20.47]

    357 [14.06]

    45 [1.77]

    56 [2.21]

    44 [1.72]

    184902-4

    675±4

    [26.57±0.16]

    616 [24,25]

    605[23.82]

    442 [17.40]

    45 [1.77]

    56 [2.21]

    44 [1.72]

    184903-4

    740±4

    [29.13±0.16]

    681 [26.81]

    670[26:38]

    507 [19.96]

    45 [1.77]

    56 [2.21]

    44 [1.72]

    Iyunithi yomlinganiselo: mm [intshi]
    Ukunyamezela: ±1 [0.04]

    18490X-4

    UkuSuspension Mounting

    vsbvw

    Inqaku lenqaku.

    L1

    mm [intshi]

    L2

    mm [intshi]

    M

    mm [intshi]

    W

    mm [intshi]

    H

    mm [intshi]

    184900-4

    530±4

    [20.87±0.16]

    471 [18.54]

    274[10.79]

    56 [2.21]

    44 [1.72]

    184901/4-4

    590±4

    [23.23±0.16]

    531 [20.91]

    334[13:15]

    56 [2.21]

    44 [1.72]

    184902-4

    675±4

    [26.57±0.16]

    616 [24,25]

    419[16.50]

    56 [2.21]

    44 [1.72]

    184903-4

    740±4

    [29.13±0.16]

    681 [26.81]

    484[19.06]

    56 [2.21]

    44 [1.72]

    Iyunithi yomlinganiselo: mm [intshi]
    Ukunyamezela: ±1 [0.04]]

    sav

    sav1

    sav2

    sav3

    I-PS: I-18490X-X ayinakusebenza kubo bonke abaqhubi be-AC ababodwa, kufuneka iqinisekiswe ngumsebenzisi wokugqibela.

    I-LTS-IP20

    umthi

    I-LTS-IP66

    vsvzxv

    Iyunithi yomlinganiselo: mm [intshi]
    Ukunyamezela: ±1 [0.04]

    Ukusebenza

    Xa umbane we-AC usetyenziswa, ukutshintshwa kovavanyo lwe-LED kukhanyisiwe, kubonisa ukuba iibhetri zihlawuliswa.
    Xa amandla e-AC ehluleka, i-18490X-X itshintshela ngokuzenzekelayo kumandla ongxamisekileyo, isebenzise umthwalo wokukhanyisa kumandla ongxamisekileyo.Ngexesha lokungaphumeleli kwamandla, ukutshintshwa kovavanyo lwe-LED kuya kucima.Xa amandla e-AC ebuyiselwe, i-18490X-X yongxamiseko itshintsha inkqubo ibuyele kwindlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza kwaye iphinde iqalise ukutshaja ibhetri.Elona xesha lincinci lomsebenzi likaxakeka yimizuzu engama-90.Ixesha lokutshaja lokukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo ziiyure ezingama-24.Uvavanyo lokukhutshwa kwexesha elifutshane lunokuqhutywa emva kokuba i-18490X ihlawule iyure ye-1.Ukuhlawula iiyure ezingama-24 ngaphambi kokwenza uvavanyo lokukhupha ixesha elide.

    Uvavanyo kunye noLondolozo

    Olu vavanyo lwePeriodic lulandelayo luyacetyiswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba isistim isebenza ngokuchanekileyo.
    1. Jonga ngokubonakalayo iswitshi yovavanyo lwe-LED (LTS) ngenyanga.Kufuneka kukhanyiswe xa kusetyenziswa amandla e-AC.
    2. Yenza uvavanyo lokukhutshwa kwemizuzwana engama-30 ngokucima i-breaker emergency rhoqo ngenyanga.I-LTS iya kucima.
    3. Yenza uvavanyo lokukhupha imizuzu engama-90 kanye ngonyaka.I-LTS iya kukhutshwa ngexesha lovavanyo.

    Uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo

    I-18490X-X inesici soVavanyo oluzenzekelayo olugcina iindleko ngokunciphisa imfuno yovavanyo lwezandla.
    1. Uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo lwe-Auto
    Xa inkqubo ixhunyiwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye inikwe amandla, i-18490X-X iya kwenza uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-Auto.
    Ukuba kukho naziphi na iimeko ezingaqhelekanga, i-LTS iya kuqhwanyaza ngokukhawuleza.Nje ukuba imeko engaqhelekanga ilungiswe, i-LTS iya kusebenza ngokuchanekileyo.
    2. Uvavanyo lwe-Auto olucwangcisiweyo olucwangcisiweyo
    a) Iyunithi iya kuqhuba uVavanyo oluzenzekelayo lweNyanga lokuqala emva kweeyure ezingama-24 kunye ukuya kuthi ga kwiintsuku ezisi-7 emva kokuba umbane wokuqala uvuliwe.
    Emva koko uvavanyo lwenyanga luya kwenziwa rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezingama-30.
    b) Uvavanyo lwe-Auto loNyaka luyakwenzeka rhoqo kwiiveki ezingama-52 emva kokuba umbane wokuqala uvuliwe.
    - Uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo lwenyanga
    Uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo lweNyanga luya kwenziwa rhoqo ngeentsuku ezingama-30, kwaye luya kuvavanya;
    Umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wokutshintshela ngokungxamisekileyo, iimeko zongxamiseko, zokutshaja nokukhupha ziqhelekile.
    Ixesha lovavanyo lwenyanga malunga ne-30 ~ 60 imizuzwana.
    - Uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo lonyaka
    Uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo lonyaka luya kwenzeka rhoqo kwiiveki ze-52 emva kwentlawulo yokuqala yeeyure ze-24, kwaye iya kuvavanya;
    Umbane ofanelekileyo webhetri wokuqala, ukusebenza okungxamisekileyo kwemizuzu engama-90 kunye nombane webhetri owamkelekileyo ekupheleni kovavanyo olupheleleyo lwemizuzu engama-90.
    Ukuba uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo luphazanyiswa kukungaphumeleli kwamandla, uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwemizuzu engama-90 luya kwenzeka kwakhona kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuba amandla abuyiselwe.Ukuba ukusilela kwamandla kubangela ukuba ibhetri ikhuphe ngokupheleleyo, imveliso iya kuqalisa kwakhona uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo lwe-Auto kunye noVavanyo lwe-Auto olucwangcisiweyo olucwangcisiweyo.

    Uvavanyo lweManuwali

    -Cofa i-LTS ngexesha elinye ukulinganisa imo kaxakeka.
    -Cofa i-LTS amaxesha ama-2 ngokuqhubekayo kwimizuzwana emi-3 ukunyanzela uvavanyo lwenyanga.Emva kokuba uvavanyo lugqityiwe, uvavanyo olulandelayo (lweentsuku ezingama-30) lwenyanga luya kubalwa ukususela kulo mhla.
    -Cofa i-LTS amaxesha ama-3 ngokuqhubekayo kwimizuzwana emi-3 ukunyanzela uvavanyo lonyaka.Emva kokuba uvavanyo lugqityiwe, uvavanyo lonyaka olulandelayo (lweeveki ezingama-52) luya kubala ukususela kulo mhla.
    – Ngalo naluphi na uvavanyo olwenziwa ngesandla, cofa kwaye ubambe i-LTS ngaphezulu kwemizuzwana emi-3 ukuphelisa uvavanyo lwezandla.Ixesha loVavanyo lwe-Auto olucwangcisiweyo aluyi kutshintsha.

    Led Iimeko zoTshintsho loVavanyo

    Ukuqhwanyaza kancinane kwe-LTS: Ukutshaja okuqhelekileyo
    I-LTS Ivuliwe: Ibhetri iTshajiwe ngokuPheleleyo – iMeko eqhelekileyo
    I-LTS icinyiwe: Ukusilela koMbane
    I-LTS iTshintsho kancinane: Kwimo yoVavanyo
    Ukuqhwanyaza ngokukhawuleza kwe-LTS: Imeko engaqhelekanga – Kufuneka inyathelo lokulungisa

    1. Ukuthintela ukothuka kombane, cima umbane ongundoqo de ufakelo lugqitywe kwaye umbane we-AC unikwe kule mveliso.
    2. Le mveliso idinga umbane we-AC ongatshintshiyo we-120-277V, 50/60Hz.
    3. Qinisekisa ukuba zonke iidibansi zihambelana nekhowudi yeSizwe okanye yaseCanada yoMbane kunye nayiphi na imimiselo yendawo.
    4. Ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokothuka kombane, qhawula zombini izixhobo zombane eziqhelekileyo kunye nezingxamisekileyo kunye nesinxibelelanisi sale mveliso phambi kokuba usebenze.
    5. Inokubonelela ngemizuzu engama-90 yokukhanyisa phantsi kwemo kaxakeka.
    6. I-18490X-X iLuhlu lwe-UL yofakelo lwentsimi, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokusisiseko, kuluhlu lwe-UL, iindawo ezifumileyo ezilinganisiweyo.
    7. Le mveliso ifanelekile ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezomileyo okanye ezimanzi.Musa ukuyixhoma kufuphi nerhasi, izifudumezi, iindawo zokukhupha umoya okanye ezinye iindawo eziyingozi.
    8. Sebenzisa le mveliso kwi-0°C ubuncinane, i-50°C ubushushu obuphezulu be-ambient (Ta).
    9. Musa ukuzama ukusevisa iibhetri.Kusetyenziswa ibhetri etywiniweyo, engagcinwanga engenakutshintshwa kwibala.Qhagamshelana nomvelisi ngolwazi okanye inkonzo.
    10. Njengoko le mveliso ineebhetri, nceda uqiniseke ukuba uyigcina kwindawo yangaphakathi ye -20°C ~30°C.Kufuneka ihlawulwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ikhutshwe rhoqo kwiinyanga ezi-6 ukususela kumhla wokuthenga de isetyenziswe ngokusemthethweni, iphinde ihlawulwe i-30-50% kwaye igcinwe enye iinyanga ezi-6, njalo njalo.Ukuba ibhetri ayisetyenziswanga ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezi-6, inokubangela ukuzikhupha kakhulu kwebhetri, kwaye ukucutheka kwebhetri okusisiphumo soko akunakuguqulwa.Kwiimveliso ezinebhetri eyahlukileyo kunye nemodyuli kaxakeka, nceda uqhawule umdibaniso phakathi kwebhetri kunye nemodyuli yokugcina.Ngenxa yeempawu zayo zeekhemikhali, yimeko eqhelekileyo ukuba amandla ebhetri anciphe ngokwemvelo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa.Abasebenzisi kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo oku xa bekhetha iimveliso.
    11. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-accessory ezingakhuthazwa ngumenzi kunokubangela imeko engakhuselekanga kunye newaranti engenanto.
    12. Musa ukusebenzisa le mveliso ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa okucetywayo.
    13. Ufakelo kunye nenkonzo kufuneka yenziwe ngabasebenzi benkonzo abaqeqeshiweyo.
    14. Le mveliso kufuneka ifakwe kwiindawo kunye nokuphakama apho kungayi kuba lula ukuxhatshazwa ngabasebenzi abangagunyaziswanga.
    15. Qinisekisa ukuhambelana kwemveliso phambi kofakelo lokugqibela.I-wiring kufuneka ibe ngokungqongqo ngokuhambelana nomzobo wocingo, iimpazamo ze-wiring ziya kulimaza imveliso.Ityala lengozi yokhuseleko okanye ukusilela kwemveliso okubangelwa kukusebenza ngokungekho mthethweni kwabasebenzisi akuyonxalenye yolwamkelo lwesikhalazo somthengi, imbuyekezo okanye isiqinisekiso somgangatho wemveliso.

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